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<h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Luteolin</span></h1>
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<div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content mw-content-ltr" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><table class="wikitable infobox float-right" id="Vorlage_Infobox_Chemikalie" style="font-size:90%; margin-top:0; width:350px;" summary="Infobox Chemikalie">
<tbody><tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Strukturformel
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" class="hintergrundfarbe-basis skin-invert-image" style="text-align:center;"><span typeof="mw:File"></span>
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<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Allgemeines
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<td style="width:33%;">Name
</td>
<td>Luteolin
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Andere Namen
</td>
<td>
<ul><li>2-(3,4-Dihydroxyphenyl)-5,7-dihydroxy-4<i>H</i>-chromen-4-on <small>(<a href="IUPAC-Nomenklatur" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC-Nomenklatur">IUPAC</a>)</small></li>
<li>3′,4′,5,7-Tetrahydroxyflavon</li>
<li><small>LUTEOLIN</small> (<a href="Internationale_Nomenklatur_f%C3%BCr_kosmetische_Inhaltsstoffe" title="Internationale Nomenklatur für kosmetische Inhaltsstoffe">INCI</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-CosIng_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CosIng-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></li></ul>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Summenformel" title="Summenformel">Summenformel</a>
</td>
<td>C<sub>15</sub>H<sub>10</sub>O<sub>6</sub>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td>Kurzbeschreibung
</td>
<td>
<p>gelblicher Feststoff<sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Externe Identifikatoren/Datenbanken
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="padding:0;">
<table class="mw-collapsible mw-collapsed wikitable" data-expandtext="+" data-collapsetext="−" style="border-top:none; margin:-1px; width:calc(100% + 2px);">
<tbody><tr>
<td style="width:33%;"><a href="CAS-Nummer" title="CAS-Nummer">CAS-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td><span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: CASRN"></span><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://commonchemistry.cas.org/detail?cas_rn=491-70-3">491-70-3</a><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</td>
<td style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; border-top:1px solid #FFDEAD; padding:0.2em 0; vertical-align:bottom; width:5%;">
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="EG-Nummer" title="EG-Nummer">EG-Nummer</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2">207-741-0
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Europ%C3%A4ische_Chemikalienagentur" title="Europäische Chemikalienagentur">ECHA</a>-InfoCard
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.echa.europa.eu/de/substance-information/-/substanceinfo/100.007.038">100.007.038</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="PubChem" title="PubChem">PubChem</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/compound/5280445">5280445</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="ChemSpider" title="ChemSpider">ChemSpider</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chemspider.com/Chemical-Structure.4444102.html">4444102</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="DrugBank" title="DrugBank">DrugBank</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.drugbank.ca/drugs/DB15584">DB15584</a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-right:1px solid #a2a9b1;"><a href="Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>
</td>
<td colspan="2"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q415011" class="extiw external" title="d:Q415011">Q415011</a>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Eigenschaften
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Molare_Masse" title="Molare Masse">Molare Masse</a>
</td>
<td>286,24 g·<a href="Mol" title="Mol">mol</a><sup>−1</sup>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Aggregatzustand" title="Aggregatzustand">Aggregatzustand</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>fest
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td><a href="Schmelzpunkt" title="Schmelzpunkt">Schmelzpunkt</a>
</td>
<td>
<p>326–330 <a href="Grad_Celsius" title="Grad Celsius">°C</a><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<th colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122;">Sicherheitshinweise
</th></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2">
<table cellspacing="0" cellpadding="2" style="width:100%;">
<tbody><tr>
<td colspan="2" style="text-align:center"><b><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien" title="Global harmonisiertes System zur Einstufung und Kennzeichnung von Chemikalien">GHS-Gefahrstoffkennzeichnung</a></b><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
<table class="hintergrundfarbe-neutral" style="text-align:center; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto; display:flex; justify-content:center;">
<tbody><tr>
<td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="Global_harmonisiertes_System_zur_Einstufung_und_Kennzeichnung_von_Chemikalien#Übersicht:_EU-Gefahrensymbole,_UN/GHS-Gefahrenpiktogramme,_UN/ADR-Gefahrensymbole" title="07 – Achtung"></a></span>
</td></tr></tbody></table>
<p><b>Achtung</b>
</p>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td rowspan="2" width="33%" style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed; border-right:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;"><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze" title="H- und P-Sätze">H- und P-Sätze</a>
</td>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">H: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: H-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Verursacht Hautreizungen.">315</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Verursacht schwere Augenreizung.">319</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#H-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Kann die Atemwege reizen.">335</span></span></a>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td style="border-top:1px #A7A7A7 dashed;">P: <span title="Untervorlage eingebunden: P-Sätze"></span><a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Einatmen von Staub / Rauch / Gas / Nebel / Dampf / Aerosol vermeiden.">261</span></span></a>‐<a href="H-_und_P-S%C3%A4tze#P-Sätze" title="H- und P-Sätze"><span style="display:inline-block;"><span style="color:#ff5400; border-bottom:1px dotted #ff5400;" title="Bei Kontakt mit den Augen: Einige Minuten lang behutsam mit Wasser spülen. Eventuell vorhandene Kontaktlinsen nach Möglichkeit entfernen. Weiter spülen.
(Geänderter Text seit Inkraftreten der „8. Anpassung an den Technischen Fortschritt“ am 1. Februar 2018)">305+351+338</span></span></a><sup id="cite_ref-Sigma_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sigma-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</td></tr>
</tbody></table>
</td></tr>
<tr>
<td colspan="2" style="background:#FFDEAD; color:#202122; font-size:80%; text-align:center; line-height:150%; padding:.25em;">Wenn nicht anders vermerkt, gelten die angegebenen Daten bei <a href="Standardbedingungen" title="Standardbedingungen">Standardbedingungen</a> (0 °C, 1000 hPa).
</td></tr></tbody></table><p><span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span>
</p><p><b>Luteolin</b> gehört wie viele andere gelbe <a href="Pflanzenfarbstoff" class="mw-redirect" title="Pflanzenfarbstoff">Pflanzenfarbstoffe</a> zur Familie der <a href="Flavone" title="Flavone">Flavone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Gossauer-420-422_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gossauer-420-422-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vorkommen">Vorkommen</h2></div>
<p>Luteolin kommt in der <a href="Reseda" title="Reseda">Resedapflanze</a>, im <a href="F%C3%A4rber-Ginster" title="Färber-Ginster">Färber-Ginster</a>, in der <a href="Petersilie" title="Petersilie">Petersilie</a> sowie in <a href="Artischocken" title="Artischocken">Artischockenblättern</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> vor. Es findet sich auch in <a href="Orangen#Sorten" class="mw-redirect" title="Orangen">Navelorangen</a>, <a href="Karotte" title="Karotte">Karotten</a>, <a href="Sellerie" title="Sellerie">Sellerie</a>, <a href="Oliven%C3%B6l" title="Olivenöl">Olivenöl</a>, <a href="Gr%C3%BCner_Pfeffer" class="mw-redirect" title="Grüner Pfeffer">grünem Pfeffer</a>, <a href="Echte_Kamille" title="Echte Kamille">Kamille</a>, <a href="Pfefferminze" title="Pfefferminze">Pfefferminze</a>, <a href="Perilla" title="Perilla">Perilla</a>, <a href="Echter_Thymian" title="Echter Thymian">Thymian</a>, <a href="Rosmarin" title="Rosmarin">Rosmarin</a> und <a href="Oregano" title="Oregano">Oregano</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Eigenschaften">Eigenschaften</h2></div>
<p>In reiner Form bildet Luteolin gelbe, glänzende Kristalle. Es ist schlecht wasserlöslich.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wirkungen_und_Nebenwirkungen">Wirkungen und Nebenwirkungen</h2></div>
<p>Luteolin wirkt schlaffördernd aufgrund seiner Eigenschaft als Agonist an <a href="Adenosinrezeptoren" title="Adenosinrezeptoren">Adenosinrezeptoren</a> der Typen A1 und A2A.<sup id="cite_ref-pmid31646844_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmid31646844-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Daneben besitzt Luteolin die seltene Eigenschaft, den <a href="Transporter_(Membranprotein)" title="Transporter (Membranprotein)">plasmalemmalen Transport</a> von <a href="Monoamin" class="mw-redirect" title="Monoamin">Monoaminen</a> zu erhöhen.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Luteolin wirkt wie andere <a href="Flavonoide" title="Flavonoide">Flavonoide</a> im Tierversuch <a href="Antioxidativ" class="mw-redirect" title="Antioxidativ">antioxidativ</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>, <a href="Entz%C3%BCndungshemmend" class="mw-redirect" title="Entzündungshemmend">entzündungshemmend</a> und <a href="Immunmodulation" title="Immunmodulation">immunmodulatorisch</a>. Es hemmt <a href="Interleukin-6" title="Interleukin-6">Interleukin-6</a> (IL-6-Hemmer) und <a href="Phosphodiesterase" class="mw-redirect" title="Phosphodiesterase">Phosphodiesterase</a> 4 (<a href="PDE-4-Hemmer" title="PDE-4-Hemmer">PDE4-Hemmer</a>). Ferner werden ihm positive Auswirkungen auf den <a href="Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel">Kohlenhydratstoffwechsel</a> und eine antikarzinogene Wirkung zugeschrieben, die jedoch beim Menschen noch nicht wissenschaftlich erprobt sind.<sup id="cite_ref-PMID18937165_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMID18937165-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
Untersuchungen zeigten, dass es ähnlich dem <a href="Allopurinol" title="Allopurinol">Allopurinol</a> die <a href="Xanthinoxidase" class="mw-redirect" title="Xanthinoxidase">Xanthinoxidase</a> hemmt und somit <a href="Hyperurik%C3%A4mie" title="Hyperurikämie">Hyperurikämie</a> und daraus folgender <a href="Gicht" title="Gicht">Gicht</a> entgegenwirken kann.<sup id="cite_ref-PMC2673521_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PMC2673521-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>
</p><p>Die <a href="Nebenwirkungen" class="mw-redirect" title="Nebenwirkungen">Nebenwirkungen</a>, zu denen es kommen kann, betreffen in der Regel den Verdauungstrakt. Es kommt vor allem zu Übelkeit und Erbrechen.
</p>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2></div>
<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eurekalert.org/news-releases/1072544"><i>Luteolin, an antioxidant in vegetables, may contribute to the prevention of hair graying.</i></a> Auf: <i>eurekalert.org</i> vom 4. Februar 2025.</li></ul>
<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2></div>
<ol class="references">
<li id="cite_note-CosIng-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-CosIng_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Eintrag zu <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/growth/tools-databases/cosing/details/83796"><i><small>LUTEOLIN</small></i></a> in der <a href="CosIng-Datenbank" title="CosIng-Datenbank">CosIng-Datenbank</a> der EU-Kommission, abgerufen am 23. März 2020.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Sigma-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_2-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_2-1">b</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_2-2">c</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Sigma_2-3">d</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text">Datenblatt <span style="font-style:italic;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/catalog/product/SIGMA/L9283">Luteolin</a></span> bei <a href="Sigma-Aldrich" title="Sigma-Aldrich">Sigma-Aldrich</a>, abgerufen am 8. April 2011 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sigmaaldrich.com/DE/de/sds/SIGMA/L9283?userType=anonymous">PDF</a>).<span class="editoronly" style="display:none;"></span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gossauer-420-422-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gossauer-420-422_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="Albert_Gossauer" title="Albert Gossauer">Albert Gossauer</a>: <i>Struktur und Reaktivität der Biomoleküle.</i> Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zürich, 2006, ISBN 3-906390-29-2, S. 420–422.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-Gossauer-422-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-Gossauer-422_4-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Albert Gossauer: <i>Struktur und Reaktivität der Biomoleküle.</i> Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta, Zürich, 2006, ISBN 3-906390-29-2, S. 422.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">PhytoDoc: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.phytodoc.de/heilpflanze/artischocke/wirkung/">Artischocke</a></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Kayoko Shimoi, Hisae Okada, Michiyo Furugori, Toshinao Goda, Sachiko Takase, Masayuki Suzuki, Yukihiko Hara, Hiroyo Yamamoto, Naohide Kinae: <cite style="font-style:italic">Intestinal absorption of luteolin and luteolin 7-O-[beta]-glucoside in rats and humans</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="FEBS_Letters" title="FEBS Letters">FEBS Letters</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>438</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>3</span>, 1998, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>220–4</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/S0014-5793%2898%2901304-0">10.1016/S0014-5793(98)01304-0</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9827549?dopt=Abstract">PMID 9827549</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Luteolin&rft.atitle=Intestinal+absorption+of+luteolin+and+luteolin+7-O-%5Bbeta%5D-glucoside+in+rats+and+humans&rft.au=Kayoko+Shimoi%2C+Hisae+Okada%2C+Michiyo+Furugori%2C+...&rft.date=1998&rft.doi=10.1016%2FS0014-5793%2898%2901304-0&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=3&rft.jtitle=FEBS+Letters&rft.pages=220-4&rft.pmid=9827549&rft.volume=438" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">M. López-Lázaro: <cite style="font-style:italic">Distribution and biological activities of the flavonoid luteolin</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic"><a href="Mini-Rev_Med_Chem" class="mw-redirect" title="Mini-Rev Med Chem">Mini-Rev Med Chem</a></cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>9</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2009, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>31–59</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2174/138955709787001712">10.2174/138955709787001712</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19149659?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19149659</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Luteolin&rft.atitle=Distribution+and+biological+activities+of+the+flavonoid+luteolin&rft.au=M.+L%C3%B3pez-L%C3%A1zaro&rft.date=2009&rft.doi=10.2174%2F138955709787001712&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Mini-Rev+Med+Chem&rft.pages=31-59&rft.pmid=19149659&rft.volume=9" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-pmid31646844-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid31646844_8-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">T. H. Kim, R. J. Custodio, J. H. Cheong, H. J. Kim, Y. S. Jung: <cite style="font-style:italic">Sleep Promoting Effect of Luteolin in Mice via Adenosine A1 and A2A Receptors</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Biomol Ther (Seoul)</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>27</span>, 2019, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>584–590</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4062/biomolther.2019.149">10.4062/biomolther.2019.149</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31646844?dopt=Abstract">PMID 31646844</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Luteolin&rft.atitle=Sleep+Promoting+Effect+of+Luteolin+in+Mice+via+Adenosine+A1+and+A2A+Receptors&rft.au=T.+H.+Kim%2C+R.+J.+Custodio%2C+J.+H.+Cheong%2C+...&rft.btitle=Biomol+Ther+%28Seoul%29&rft.date=2019&rft.doi=10.4062%2Fbiomolther.2019.149&rft.genre=book&rft.pages=584-590&rft.pmid=31646844&rft.volume=27" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Zhao, G. W. Qin, J. Wang, W. J. Chu, L. H. Guo: <cite style="font-style:italic">Functional activation of monoamine transporters by luteolin and apigenin isolated from the fruit of Perilla frutescens (L.) Britt</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Neurochem. Int.</cite> <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>56</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>1</span>, 2010, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>168–76</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neuint.2009.09.015">10.1016/j.neuint.2009.09.015</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19815045?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19815045</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Luteolin&rft.atitle=Functional+activation+of+monoamine+transporters+by+luteolin+and+apigenin+isolated+from+the+fruit+of+Perilla+frutescens+%28L.%29+Britt&rft.au=G.+Zhao%2C+G.+W.+Qin%2C+J.+Wang%2C+...&rft.date=2010&rft.doi=10.1016%2Fj.neuint.2009.09.015&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=1&rft.jtitle=Neurochem.+Int.&rft.pages=168-76&rft.pmid=19815045&rft.volume=56" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">L. De Martino, T. Mencherini, E. Mancini, R. P. Aquino, L. F. De Almeida, V. De Feo: <cite style="font-style:italic">In vitro phytotoxicity and antioxidant activity of selected flavonoids</cite>. In: <cite style="font-style:italic">Int J Mol Sci</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>13</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5</span>, 2012, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>5406–19</span>, <a href="Digital_Object_Identifier" title="Digital Object Identifier">doi</a>:<span class="uri-handle" style="white-space:nowrap"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms13055406">10.3390/ijms13055406</a></span>, <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22754304?dopt=Abstract">PMID 22754304</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3382788/">PMC 3382788</a> (freier Volltext).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Luteolin&rft.atitle=In+vitro+phytotoxicity+and+antioxidant+activity+of+selected+flavonoids&rft.au=L.+De+Martino%2C+T.+Mencherini%2C+E.+Mancini%2C+...&rft.date=2012&rft.doi=10.3390%2Fijms13055406&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=5&rft.jtitle=Int+J+Mol+Sci&rft.pages=5406-19&rft.pmc=3382788&rft.pmid=22754304&rft.volume=13" style="display:none"> </span></span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMID18937165-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMID18937165_11-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">G. Seelinger, I. Merfort, C. M. Schempp: <i>Anti-oxidant, anti-inflammatory and anti-allergic activities of luteolin.</i> In: <i><a href="Planta_Medica" title="Planta Medica">Planta Medica</a>.</i> Band 74, Nummer 14, November 2008, S. 1667–1677, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1055/s-0028-1088314" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1055/s-0028-1088314">doi:10.1055/s-0028-1088314</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18937165?dopt=Abstract">PMID 18937165</a>.</span>
</li>
<li id="cite_note-PMC2673521-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-PMC2673521_12-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">J. M. Pauff, R. Hille: <i>Inhibition studies of bovine xanthine oxidase by luteolin, silibinin, quercetin, and curcumin.</i> In: <i>Journal of natural products.</i> Band 72, Nummer 4, April 2009, S. 725–731, <a href="https://doi.org/10.1021/np8007123" class="extiw external" title="doi:10.1021/np8007123">doi:10.1021/np8007123</a>. <a class="external mw-magiclink-pmid" rel="nofollow" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/19388706?dopt=Abstract">PMID 19388706</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2673521/">PMC 2673521</a> (freier Volltext).</span>
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